TERMINOLOGY
DAIRY HERD IMPROVEMENT
1985
STILES, K.A., AND DICKSON, D.P.
VOLUME: NCDHIP HANDBOOK
Abnormal Records. In case of severe sickness, injury or if a cow is
in estrus on test day, production may be considered abnormal. See
Official DHI Rule #14.
Abortion. Premature expulsion of the fetus from the uterus.
Age and Month-of-Calving Factors. Factors used to eliminate the
environmental effects of different ages and months of the year at
calving. These factors standardize lactation records for genetic
evaluations.
Age at Last Calving. Age determined by subtracting the cow's birth
date from her most recent calving date.
Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The research branch of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory (AIPL). A.U.S. Department of
Agriculture research service computing laboratory that calculates
genetic evaluations of cows and sires using data collected through
the DHI system.
AP. AM/PM. Abbreviations commonly used to describe alternate
morning(evening monthly types of testing plans. Milk weights and
samples are collected at the morning milking for 1 month and at the
evening milking the following month. Accurate milking times for all
milkings are necessary to correctly calculate herd records. AP
programs are available for official and un- official testing plans;
however, approved monitoring devices to record milking times are
required for official records.
Approved Meters and Weighing and Sampling Devices. Mechanical or
mechanical-electronic devices that record milk weights when milking
with a pipeline milking system. The device must obtain accurately
a representative sample for milk component testing. These devices
may be portable or fixed in place on the farm and must meet
accuracy levels as indicated in Appendix to Official DHI Rules #1
a, b and c. (See Fact Sheet E-1 and Fact Sheets F-1 and F-2.)
Babcock Test. Traditional method of measuring the butterfat content
of milk, which may be used for calibrating modem electronic testing
devices.
Balanced Ration. A ration containing all the dietary requirements
to meet the purpose for which it is being fed.
Barnsheet. The prelisted sheet used in the DHI system for
collection and input of DHI data and information at the farm.
BASIC. A simplified, inexpensive testing plan to provide basic
management information to dairy farmers. Since basic plans involve
owner sampling and recording, Official DHI Rules need not be
followed.
Bovine Growth Hormone. (See Somatotropin.)
Breeding Value. The genetic merit of an animal for a certain trait.
(May also be expressed as twice the animal's transmitting ability.)
Bronopol. A noncorrosive milk preservative in tablet or granular
form (2-Bromo-2-Nitro propane-1,3 diol).
California Mastitis Test (CMT). A mastitis screening test useful
for determining the somatic cell content in milk. A reagent is
required to react with nuclear material of cells present in milk to
form a gel. (This is a cowside test and requires a subjective score
based on the amount of gel formed when the milk is mixed with the
reagent.)
Casein. One of a group of several phosphoproteins that comprise the
principal proteins in milk.
Classification. A conformation appraisal program offered by a breed
association to evaluate each animal's resemblance to the breed's
ideal. A numerical score is assigned each animal.
Component Sampling (CS). Milk samples collected for component
testing. The DHI testing plan (APCS) indicates milk samples are
collected in the morning for 1 month and in the evening the
following month. Milk weights are collected at all milkings in the
APCS testing plans and APCS programs are available for official and
unofficial testing plans.
Composite Herd Average. In large herds, or herds with multiple
units of cows, composite herd averages are calculated for the total
(or composite) of the individual units.
Concentrates. Feeds low in fiber and high in total digestible
nutrients and energy.
Conception. Fertilization of the ovum.
Conception Rate. Total number of conceptions obtained divided by
total number of services.
Confidence Range (CR). Indicates the accuracy in the estimation of
a sire's genetic merit in a sire proof by giving a probable range
for future summaries.
Contemporaries. Cows of the same breed that were born and raised,
and initiated their lactations during similar periods. Usually
separated into two lactation groups for comparison--first lactation
and all other lactations.
Contemporary Comparison. Method for estimating the transmitting
ability of bulls and cows using information on contemporaries.
Cooperative Extension Service (CES). The state, university and
county educational outreach service of each state land-gant
institution. This service extends the research results and
educational programs of land-grant institutions to all the people
in the state. CES is a cooperating member serving the educational
function of National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Program
(NCDHIP).
Cow Index (CI). A measure of a cow's genetic merit for a given
trait by estimating her transmitting ability.
Culling. The removal of cows from a herd as a result of low
production or other factors that reduce the profitability of the
cow.
Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI). DRPC Code 00. Official DHI type of
testing plan that requires supervision and compliance with all
Official DHI Rules (DHI abbreviation is used commonly to designate
the testing plans).
DHI Records. Generic term used to classify any records computed by
the Dairy Record Processing Centers.
DHI Supervisor. An officially trained and DHIA-certified employee
qualified to collect milk samples and record milk weights for all
official types of testing plans.
Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA). The title given to
local, regional, state or national dairy collecting and
recordkeeping cooperatives and organizations.
Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR). DRPC Code 20. Abbreviation
used to designate Official DHIR type of testing plan for registered
cows. Record supervision and verification are required in
compliance with Official DHI and DHIR Rules.
Dairy Records Processing Center (DRPC). A computing facility where
information from the periodic tests in NCDHIP herds is summarized
and analyzed and where information to be used in future management
decisions is prepared for the dairy producer.
Dairy Cattle Breed. Group of dairy cattle having a common origin
and identifiable traits (frequently color). The major U.S. breeds
are Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey and Milking
Shorthorn.
Dairy Cow. A bovine from which milk production is intended for use
or sale for human consumption, or is kept for raising replacement
dairy heifers.
Dairy Goat Breed. Group of dairy goats having a common origin and
identifiable traits (frequently color). The major U.S. breeds are
Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Oberhasli, Saanen and Toggenberg.
Dairy Goat. Any goat from which milk production is intended for use
or sale for human consumption, or is kept for raising replacement
dairy kids.
Dam. The female parent of any dairy animal.
Daughter-Herdmate Comparison. Amount by which a daughter of a bull
differs in yield or other traits from the average of cows of other
bulls' daughters of the same breed in the same herd during the same
period.
Days in Milk. The number of days during the present lactation that
the cow has been milking, beginning with the last date of calving
to the current test date.
Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (DMSCC). Microscopic count of
the actual number of somatic cells in milk. (This system is used to
check and verify electronic cell count machines used in DHI
laboratories.)
Disallowed Practices. Certain procedures or practices that may
impair or attempt to impair the reliability of any Official DHI
record. (See Fact Sheet E-1, Rule 12.)
Donor Dams. Genetically superior cows from which embryos are
collected and transferred to recipients to allow these cows to
produce a greater number of offspring than possible in a normal
reproduction scheme.
Dry Cow. Any cow that has calved once and is not producing milk.
Dry Date. First calendar day the cow is not milked (See Dry
Period).
Dry Period. Period of nonlactation following a period of lactation.
This nonlactating time is generally a 5 to 8-week rest period
before freshening.
Eartag. A tag that generally is attached to the ear of a dairy cow
for easy and accurate identification.
Embryo Recipient. Any cow or heifer that serves as a surrogate
mother and carries the embryo of another cow throughout the
development of the embryo and birth of the calf.
Embryo Transfer. Modem technology that allows dairy cows to be
superovulated and bred. The eggs (ova) are flushed from the donor's
uterus, and the fertilized ova are transferred to a recipient that
serves as a surrogate mother. The fertilized ova may be frozen and
stored indefinitely before they are thawed and transferred to
recipients. DHI programs and rules assist dairy farmers in using
this new technology.
Estimated Producing Ability (EPA). An estimation of the amount of
milk and/or components that a cow will yield above or below
herdmates based on the cow's pedigree information and performance,
if available. (Also called Estimated Relative Producing Ability or
ERPA.)
Estimated Transmitting Ability (ETA). An estimation of an animal's
genetic transmitting ability based on pedigree information and the
animal's performance, if available. (Also called Estimated Average
Transmitting Ability or EATA.)
Estrous. Pertaining to the entire cycle of reproductive changes in
the nonpregnant female animal.
Estrus. Period of sexual receptivity in females. Also referred to
as a heat period in dairy cattle.
Extension Dairy Scientist. Also referred to as Extension dairy
specialist. A land-grant university or college dairy scientist with
responsibilities for educational outreach programs. May be
designated "for NCDHIP if given specific DHI program
responsibilities.
Fat. See Milk Fat.
Filter DNA. A mastitis screening test useful in determining somatic
cells present in milk by filtering and measuring the amount of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) produced.
Forage. A crop that is high in fiber and grown especially to feed
ruminant animals.
Fraudulent Practices. Any practice a herd owner or his or her agent
may use that impairs or attempts to impair the reliability of any
official DHI record. (See Fact Sheet E-1, Rule 11.)
Freemartin. A sterile heifer born twin with a bull.
Freeze Branding. A method of identification to aid in easily
identifying dairy cattle. Most commonly, liquid nitrogen is used to
lower the temperature of a branding iron to permanently lighten the
hair color where applied.
Freshen. To give birth to a calf and simultaneously to begin a
period of lactation. Also referred to as parturition.
Generation Interval. The average age of parents when their
offspring are born.
Genetic Appraisal. Cows and sires are evaluated by researchers at
the Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, ARS-USDA, to determine
their genetic values. Cows are appraised according to milk and
component transmitting abilities and assigned cow indexes. Sires
are appraised and assigned predicted differences for milk and
components.
Genetic Base. The average genetic merit of a population (usually a
breed) at a specified period, which is used as a reference point to
express a genetic difference from a base population (genetic merit
of cows and bulls).
Genetic Merit. The genetic value of the animal used in a breeding
program. (Also see Breeding Value.)
Genetic Trend. Genetic change per year for a trait in the
population.
Gestation. The period of fetal development between fertilization of
the ovum and birth of the offspring.
Grade Cattle. An animal possessing the distinct characteristic of
a particular breed but not registered with a breed association.
Heifer. A female dairy animal that has yet to give birth to a calf.
Herd Average. Average milk and component production per cow for all
cows in the herd unit for 12 months. Herd averages that are
calculated include rolling herd average, lactation average and ME
lactation average.
Herd Code. An exclusive reference number that identifies every DHI
herd. The first two numbers identify the state, the next two the
county or association and the final numerical series identifies the
herd within a county.
Herd Owner. The declared owner of a herd of dairy cattle as
recorded on a legal document, registration papers or other official
documents.
Herdmate Comparison. Method of estimating genetic transmitting
ability in which a cow's yield is compared to that of other cows in
the same breed from different sires that calved in the same herd
during the same season.
Heritability. The fraction of variation in a trait that is
genetically transmissible from parent to offspring.
Incomplete Record. A cow's production in a lactation that is
terminated early for some reason. (May be referred to as a record
in progress.)
Induced Lactation. A lactation that is artificially initiated by
the use of hormones.
Lactation Average. Sometimes referred to as DHIR Lactation Average.
Actual 305-day average milk and component production for all cows
in the herd that was completed during a 12-month period. It may or
may not be a calendar year. (Since dry days are not included,
lactation averages usually are 8 to 15 percent higher than rolling
herd averages.)
Lactation Record. The total milk and components produced by a cow
beginning on the day of calving and ending on the day the cow goes
dry. For purposes of genetic comparison, 10-month (305-day)
lactation records are the standard of the industry. A 306 to
365-day lactation record may be used for promotion. Lactation
records greater than 365 days will not be published.
Lactation Totals to Date. The production totals for milk and
components through the current test date.
Lactose. See Milk Lactose.
Lifetime Production Totals. The production totals for milk and
components for a cow since her first calving (or first time on DHI
test). Totals will include production beyond 365 days in a
lactation, production credits for an abnormally initiated record
and any production from prepartum milking.
Linear Score (SCC). Linear scores for somatic cell counts (SCC's)
convert SCC logarithmically from cells per milliliter to a linear
score from 0 to 9. The linear score has a straight line, inverse
relationship with milk yield. An increase of one in the linear
score is associated with a 400-pound decrease in lactation milk
yield or a 1.5-pound drop in daily yield.
Long Test Interval. Routinely, tests are conducted each 15 to 45
days, or approximately one each month. An emergency or supervisor
vacation schedules may extend the interval beyond 45 days. For
herds on official plans, reasons for a long test interval (48 to 75
days) must be reported on the barnsheet by the supervisor. Official
status of the record is lost if the interval exceeds 75 days.
Mature Equivalent (ME). Standardization of lactation records to the
level of yield that would have been attained by each cow if she had
been a mature cow and calved in the month of highest calving
frequency for her breed.
Mature Equivalent (ME) Lactation Average. ME average milk and
component production per cow for all cows in the herd for the
previous 365 days. ME lactation averages are updated with each new
test. Since ME represents an estimate of mature production, an ME
lactation average usually is 5 to 10 percent higher than the
rolling herd average.
Mastitis. Inflammation of the mammary gland.
Memorandum of Understanding. The formal agreement between National
DHIA, Inc., the Cooperative Extension in each state, ARS-USDA,
ES-USDA and the Extension Committee on Organization and Policy
(ECOP) for cooperatively carrying out the programs and policies of
the National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Program.
Microcomputer. A small and powerful, yet inexpensive, computer that
can be used on the farm to keep financial, herd management and
other types of records. Microcomputers also can communicate with
other computers.
Milk Composition. Average composition of dairy cow milk includes
the following constituents: 87 percent water, 3.5 percent protein
(casein), 5 percent sugar (lactose), 3.7 percent fat and 0.8
percent minerals and vitamins.
Milk Fat. A complex mixture of triglycerides containing numerous
fatty acids. Milk fat is one of the components of milk, which
provides the basis for differential pricing of milk. DHI
laboratories use electronic photometry and infrared absorption for
rapid milkfat tests. Milk fat also is referred to as butterfat or
fat.
Milk Lactose. Average milk contains just under 5 percent lactose.
Lactose is the sugar in milk. It is converted to lactic acid in
sour milk and is used in the production of various cheeses and
buttermilk. Little variation in lactose content exists among cows
or breeds.
Milk Only (MO) Record. Type of testing plan where only milk weights
are recorded and no milk samples are collected for component
sampling. This plan is intended for management use only. The
records made are not official and DHI Rules need not be followed.
Milk Preservative. A compound used to stabilize and to prevent
decomposition of milk samples sent to DHI laboratories for
component analysis.
Milk Protein. A complex chemical substance contained in milk, which
upon hydrolysis breaks down to amino acids. Milk proteins are an
excellent source of the necessary amino acids and are economically
important because they increase cheese yield and enhance milk
flavor. DHI laboratories test for total proteins with electronic,
high-speed, automated equipment.
Milk Solids-Not-Fat (SNF). The solids portion of the milk minus the
fat component represents about 8.5 to 9.2 percent of the total milk
solids. SNF is of interest because of renewed use of component
pricing for milk. (Also called PLM for protein, lactose and
minerals.)
Modified Contemporary Comparison (MCC). A calculation procedure
adopted by USDA in 1974 to provide accurate sire summaries and cow
indexes.
National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB). The national
organization made up of representatives from the artificial
insemination (AI) industry. NAAB, which is administered by an
executive vice president and elected officers, is headquartered in
Columbia, Missouri.
NAAB Stud Code. An identification number composed of a oneor
two-digit prefix indicating the AI stud and a letter indicating the
breed of bull. The remaining numbers identify the bull within a
stud.
National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Programs (NCDHIP). The
national, industry-wide cooperative framework within which all
DHI-related activities function. (See Fact Sheet A-1.)
NCDHIP Policy Board. The 12-member governing body for NCDHIP. (See
Fact Sheets A-1, B-1, B-2 and B-5.)
NDHIA, Inc. The national DHI organization, made up of member state
DHI organizations and administered by an executive secretary and an
elected board of directors. The office is located in Columbus,
Ohio. (See Fact Sheets C-1 through C-6.)
Owner-sampler (OS). DRPC Code 40. This type of testing plan allows
dairy farmers to weigh and sample milk from their cows. Records are
intended for management use only and are not official.
Official. The status given to DHI records that follow the Official
DHI Rules. Data collection is supervised and the dairy herd is
subject to verification tests. Official records may be published
for advertising and promotional purposes.
Official DHI. Used synonymously with DHI (see DHI).
Official DHI Rules. Basic and minimum standards to be followed
uniformly and enforced in Official DHI and Official DHIR herds
throughout the United States, ensuring accuracy, uniformity and
integrity.
Oxytocin. A naturally secreted hormone that is important in milk
letdown and the contraction of smooth uterine muscles during
parturition.
Parturition. The process of giving birth.
Permanent Identification. Identification that stays with the animal
for its lifetime and cannot be lost. Examples are tattoo, color
markings (sketch or photo) and hot or freeze brand. (Also see
Unique Identification.)
Potassium Dichromate. A milk preservative in tablet or granular
form. A DHI milk sample contains 41 milligrams or less of potassium
dichromate. (See Milk Preservative.)
Predicted Difference (PD). Estimate of the genetic transmitting
ability of dairy bulls for performance traits in the United States.
PD is defined as the amount by which daughters of a bull will, on
the average, differ in performance from the average breed
performance in the genetic base period.
Predicted Difference Dollars (PD$). A selection index value that
combines the predicted differences for milk and components weighted
by their gross economic value.
Preliminary Milk. The first milking of a three-milking verification
test for herds milked twice daily. The purpose of the preliminary
milking is to ensure complete milk out and to establish a 24-hour
milking interval.
Premature Calving. Termination of pregnancy during the last
trimester.
Preservatives. See Milk Preservatives.
Production and Type Index (PTI). Combines PD$ and PD Type (PDT) on
a 3 to 1 ratio thus ranking sires on their ability to transmit a
balance of these traits. The index is used on Ayrshire, Brown
Swiss, Guernsey and Jersey breeds.
Production Report. The computer report of production and management
data which is returned to the dairy producer 5 to 7 days following
the test day and after component sampling is completed at the
laboratory. The records are processed at one of the DRPC's.
Progeny Test. An evaluation of the transmitting ability of an
individual based on the performance of offspring.
Projected 305-Day Lactation. A method of predicting a cow's total
yield in 305 days based on the information from a lactation in
progress.
Protein. See Milk Protein.
Pure-bred. An animal with two registered parents of the same breed.
Purebred Dairy Cattle Association (PDCA). An organization made up
of members of the six purebred dairy cattle registry associations:
Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey and Milking
Shorthorn. PDCA is administered by an executive secretary and
elected officers and is a cooperating member of NCDHIP.
Quality Certification Standards (QCS). A set of national standards
that must be met and maintained by state DHI organizations to
assure the accuracy, uniformity and integrity of NCDHIP.
Record (2x 305-day, ME). Estimates how much the cow would have
produced during the present lactation when milked twice daily in
the first 305 days of her lactation if she had been a mature cow
calving in an average month.
Recording. Procedure used by DHI supervisor or dairy producer to
record milk and test-day data on a record sheet or barnsheet.
Record in Progress (RIP). A cow's production from her calving date
until the most recent test day.
Record Plan. Specific DHI program that provides a particular
service to dairy farmers. The plans are either official or
unofficial according to rules of the program.
Registered. An animal that is recorded in the Breed Registry
Herdbook.
Registration Certificate. Proof that the parentage of an animal is
known and is recorded in the Breed Registry Herdbook.
Repeatability. The degree of confidence or reliability the
predicted difference (PD) or cow index (CI) for milk, fat, fat
percentage, protein or physical type score.
Representative Sample. A sample of milk obtain thoroughly mixing or
agitating the total quantity of milk produced by a cow. Milk meters
are designed to collect automatically a representative sample from
the total quantity of milk.
Retest. Herd owners who question the results of a regular test may
request a retest of the herd not later than 15 days following the
original test day. Expenses most retests are paid by the herd
owner.
Rolling Herd Average (RHA). Actual average milk and component
production per cow for all cows in the herd for the immediate past
365 days. RHA's are updated with each new test.
Roughage. A feed that is high in fiber content and relatively low
in rate of digestion. (Also see Forage.)
Rule Violation. Dairy producers, their employees or DHIA
supervisors who, for any reason, fail to follow the Official
DHI/DHIR Rules or fail to report infractions of the rules, may be
found in violation of those rules and be disciplined or dismissed
according to the decision of the local or state DHI board of
directors.
Scale. Mechanical device to record milk weights to the nearest
one-tenth of a pound. Scales usually are limited to 80 pounds per
weighing and must have the ability to compensate for pail weight.
Selection Intensity. The margin of true genetic superiority of
those animals selected in comparison to all those from which the
choices were made.
Service Sire. The sire to which a female currently is bred. Service
sire information should be reported on DHI barnsheets.
Sire. The male parent.
Sire Selection. Process of identifying bulls to be used as service
sires with the goal of increasing the genetic potential of the
herd.
Sketch (Photo). A method of permanent identification to be
cross-referenced with visible identification. Accurate sketches or
photographs of Holsteins, Ayrshires and Guernseys provide unique
identification.
Software. A precise set of instructions, written in computer
language, that is needed to make computers function.
Solids-Not-Fat. See Milk Solids-Not-Fat.
Somatic Cell Count. A measurement of the number of somatic cells
present in a sample of milk. A high concentration of more than
500,000 somatic cells per milliliter of milk indicates an abnormal
condition in the udder. (Electronic somatic cell counters are
available in nearly all DHI laboratories to provide dairy farmers
with an inexpensive screening test for subclinical mastitis.)
Somatic Cells. The cell content of milk is composed of
approximately 75 percent leukocytes (white blood cells) from the
blood and 25 percent epithelial cells from the secretory tissue of
the udder. Leukocytes are present in response to infection or
injury, and epithelial cells are present as a result of infection
or injury. Collectively, these cells are called somatic cells.
Somatotropin. A protein hormone produced by the pituitary gland,
which stimulates growth of muscle, bone and mammary development in
young animals and increases milk production in lactating animals by
making available nutrients for milk synthesis and secretion.
Stage of Lactation. Period of milk production during a lactation
determined by the length of time since parturition.
Tattoo. A method of permanent identification to be cross-referenced
with visible identification. Permanent ink used with tattoo numbers
creates a lifetime record of identification in the ears of dairy
cattle. Tattoos are used primarily in the Jersey and Brown Swiss
breeds.
Test. The process of collecting milk samples and recording milk
weights. Sometimes called "test day".
Test Interval. The interval, in days, between successive DHI tests.
As a routine procedure, a test interval shall not consist of less
than 15, or more than 45 days. For Official DHI/DHIR records, the
test interval shall not exceed 75 days.
Time Recording Device/Monitor. A mechanical/electronic device that
automatically monitors the interval between milkings. The time is
expressed in hours plus minutes, and the device must display the
starting and ending time of the previous milking.
Times Milked. Cows are normally milked twice per day with records
being labeled 2x; however, cows may be milked more frequently (3x,
4x, etc.).
Total Performance Index (TPI). Method of ranking Holstein sires
based on an index combining PD milk, PD percentage and PD type.
Transfer. Process when ownership of a registered animal is changed
and recorded in the Breed Registry Office or when ownership of a
Verified Identification Program animal changes. When the ownership
of the animal changes, the production credits must be transferred.
This procedure is done by the DRPC with the assistance of the dairy
producer and the DHI supervisor.
Unified Series Eartag. A form of unique identification engraved in
a metal tag and fixed to the ear of a dairy cow. Each number is
unique with the first two numbers representing the state code,
followed by three letters and four numbers.
Unique Identification. A series of nonduplicating numbers such as
a registration, uniform series eartag or VPP number. These numbers
are cross-referenced with permanent identification for registered,
VIP and other recorded nonregistered animals. (Also see Visible
Identification.)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The branch of the Federal
government that is administered by the Secretary of Agriculture
appointed by the President of the United States.
Verification Test. A special test conducted on Official DHI/DHIR
herds to verify production records of cows and herds or for
investigation of rule violations. A supervised preliminary milking
prior to the verification test is required to determine a 24-hour
milking interval. (Tests may be ordered by breed organizations,
state DHI boards of directors, state DHI managers and/or the
Extension dairy specialist for NCDHIP.)
Verified Identification Program (VIP). A program sponsored by the
National DHIA, Inc., in which a DHIA supervisor verifies the
required identification information for an animal. NDHIA issues an
identification certificate, permanently identifying the animal and
its parentage.
Visible Identification. A readily visible, numbering system
attached to the animal that is used to identify the animal easily
on test day.
Weighing. Procedure used by supervisors and dairy producers to
determine the amount of milk given by a cow on test day.
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תתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתThe National Dairy Database (1992)תתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתת
תתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתת\NDB\DAIRY\TEXT\DA107400.TXTתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתת
%f TITLE;TERMINOLOGY
%f COLLECTION;DAIRY HERD IMPROVEMENT
%f ORIGIN;Wisconsin
%f DATE_INCLUDED;June 1992