STATUS OF UNITED STATES DAIRY CATTLE II
DAIRY HERD IMPROVEMENT
1988
MAJESKIE, J.L., & EASTWOOD, B.R.
VOLUME: NCDHIP HANDBOOK
United States Dairy Cow Population and Production
Although the number of dairy cows in the United States has
decreased over the past three decades, the average amount of milk
produced per cow has increased (Table 1). Specifically, there had
been a continuous reduction in the number of cows from 1944 until
the early 1980's when the cattle population leveled off.
During the early 1980's, several factors affected milk production
and the cow population: there was a continuing increase in surplus
milk production that was being purchased by the U.S. government,
and the Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983 provided dairy
producers an incentive to remove cows from the dairy cattle
population. This act was known as the Milk Diversion Program and
resulted in the dairy cattle population being reduced in 1984.
However, by 1985, the dairy cattle population had increased to more
than 11 million cows with total milk production exceeding 143
billion pounds. The Food Security Act of 1985, authorized by the
Secretary of Agriculture, led to a Dairy Herd Buy-Out Program in an
effort to reduce milk production and surplus dairy stocks. The
program was successful in reducing the number of cows as indicated
by the data in Table 1.
The 1987 data shows that 10,334,000 cows produced an average of
13,786 pounds of milk and 505 pounds of butterfat. Although the
number of cows has decreased since 1944, milk and butterfat
production per cow has more than doubled since 1958 - a direct
result of improved dairy cattle feeding, breeding and management.
Data reported by the National Dairy Board shows that from 1982-
1987, total milk usage increased by nearly 10 percent, resulting in
a reduction in milk surpluses.
TABLE 1. Dairy cow population and production per cow and total milk production
in the U.S.(a)
Average production per cow
Milk Fat Fat Total Milk
Year Total cows(b) (lb) (%) (lb) (lb)
1940 23,671,000 4,622 3.97 183 109,412,000,000
1942 25,027,000 4,736 3.97 188 118,533,000,000
1944 25,597,000 4,572 3.98 182 117,023,000,000
1946 24,089,000 4,886 3.97 194 117,697,000,000
1948 22,336,000 5,044 3.97 200 112,671,000,000
1950 21,944,000 5,314 3.96 210 116,602,000,000
1952 21,338,000 5,374 3.90 210 114,671,000,000
1954 21,581,000 5,657 3.86 219 122,094,000,000
1956 20,501,000 6,090 3.82 233 124,860,000,000
1958 18,711,000 6,585 3.78 249 123,220,000,000
1960 17,515,000 7,029 3.76 264 123,109,000,000
1962 16,842,000 7,496 3.74 280 126,251,000,000
1964 15,677,000 8,099 3.70 300 126,967,000,000
1966 14,071,000 8,522 3.69 314 119,912,000,000
1968 12,832,000 9,135 3.67 335 117,225,000,000
1970 12,000,000 9,751 3.66 357 117,007,000,000
1971 11,839,000 10,015 3.66 367 118,566,000,000
1972 11,700,000 10,259 3.67 377 120,025,000,000
1973 11,413,000 10,119 3.66 370 115,491,000,000
1974 11,230,000 10,293 3.66 377 115,586,000,000
1975 11,139,000 10,360 3.68 381 115,398,000,000
1976 11,032,000 10,894 3.66 399 120,180,000,000
1977 10,945,000 11,206 3.65 410 122,654,000,000
1978 10,803,000 11,243 3.67 412 121,461,000,000
1979 10,743,000 11,488 3.66 421 123,411,000,000
1980 10,815,000 11,875 3.65 434 128,425,000,000
1981 10,923,000 12,177 3.64 443 133,013,000,000
1982 11,011,000 12,306 3.65 450 135,505,000,000
1983 11,098,000 12,585 3.66 460 139,672,000,000
1984 10,833,000 12,503 3.66 458 135,450,000,000
1985 11,016,000 12,994 3.67 476 143,147,000,000
1986 10,813,000 13,260 3.67 487 143,381,000,000
1987 10334000(c) 13,786(bc) 3.66(c) 505(c) 142,462,000,000(b)
a Data reported by National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA.
b Data obtained at the end of the year. Counts taken at the beginning of the year will differ (see Table 10).
c Estimated.
Trends in Breed Registrations
As shown in Table 2, all breeds except Holsteins recorded peak
registrations during the 15-year period following World War II. The
Holstein Association registrations have increased during the past
25 years. It registered the most animals in 1984 - 492,380 animals
were recorded. Registrations for the Ayrshire breed had leveled off
during the 1980's, with a slight drop in registrations since 1986.
The Brown Swiss Association registered approximately the same
number of animals per year during the past 15 years. The Guernsey
breed stabilized in registrations during the past 8 years, with a
slight decrease in 1986. Jersey registrations have remained strong
since 1980 with 65,357 recorded in 1985, the highest number of
registrations for the Jersey breed in 25 years. Registrations for
the Milking Shorthorn breed have declined slightly since 1982 when
5,099 animals had been registered. The Red and White Association
began registrations in 1972 and recorded their highest number in
1983.
The total number of registrations by dairy cattle breed
associations reached a peak in 1984 when 595,320 animals were
recorded. The downward trend in registrations during the past 3
years have been influenced by the Milk Diversion and Herd Buy-Out
programs.
The percentages of registered animals for each breed are listed in
Table 3. Although there are slight year-to-year fluctuations in
registrations for some of the breeds, the Holsteins have averaged
approximately 80 percent of the total registrations during the past
5 years. The Jersey breed ranks second in registrations, followed
by the Guernsey, Brown Swiss, Ayrshire, Red and White, and Milking
Shorthorn breeds.
Since the use of artificial insemination (AI) became a significant
factor in dairy cattle breeding, the ratio of females registered
for each registered male has steadily increased (Table 4). The
Holstein and Brown Swiss breeds have the lowest ratio of female to
male registrations. In the Holstein breed, this probably is a
result of the large grade population where dairy producers may use
registered bulls for natural service. Also, there are many young
sires sampled in Al young sire programs. In the Brown Swiss breed,
the ratio is probably influenced by the international demand for
Brown Swiss semen and the export demand of bulls. Data are not
available for the Milking Shorthorn and Red and White breeds.
Grading-Up Programs
The number of animals recorded in a grading-up program is
influenced by the population size of the nonregistered cattle for
that breed (Table 5). The requirements for a grading-up program
vary between the dairy breeds. Although the Milking Shorthorn has
the oldest grading-up program, the Brown Swiss Identity Enrollment
program showed the greatest growth during the early 1970's, with
participation remaining stable for the past 10 years. The Jersey
breed has led in the number of animals recorded in a grading-up
program with a significant Genetic Recovery program. The Guernsey
Provisional Registration program, replaced by the Genetic Recovery
program in 1982 has also shown growth during the 1980's. The Red
and White and Holstein breeds do not have a grading-up program for
grade animals.
Grade Identification Programs
The two major identification programs for non- registered dairy
cattle are reported in Table 6. The Verified Identification Program
is a national all- breed identification program for nonregistered
cattle that began in 1976 and is operated by the National Dairy
Herd Improvement Association (DHIA). The Holstein identification
program for grade animals began in 1976, with the greatest number
of animals recorded in 1977 and 1978.
Embryo Transfer Registrations
The growth of the embryo transfer (ET) program began in the 1970's
(Table 7). The first ET animal recorded in 1965 was a Jersey
experimental heifer. The Holstein breed has been recording ET
registrations since 1975 and leads in ET registrations. As the cost
of the ET program has decreased, all breeds are actively involved
in the ET program. As can be seen in the industry, breeds where the
numbers of registered cattle are low, the ET offspring from some of
the genetically superior animals will have a positive influence on
that breed.
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TABLE 2. Registration of animals by dairy breed associations.(a)
Brown Milking Red &
Year Ayrshire Swiss Guernsey Holstein Jersey Shorthorn White Total
1900 2,080 1,538 5,108 12,518 21,244
1905 2,670 11,760 9,670 24,100
1910 3,728 5,465 32,889 18,679 60,761
1915 1,195 11,506 72,665 33,005 118,371
1920 6,809 2,102 20,811 127,850 43,119 200,691
1925 7,533 3,475 32,246 109,594 51,753 204,601
1930 10,209 5,884 40,844 105,143 68,022 230,102
1935 13,854 6,420 43,089 76,885 38,467 178,715
1940 16,234 11,161 57,796 145,423 48,078 278,692
1945 21,517 18,804 76,897 113,446 56,825 287,489
1950 24,236 22,721 94,901 184,246 67,309 28,290 421,703
1955 23,035 21,667 81,566 197,608 60,020 22,121 406,017
1960 16,831 23,949 62,891 265,861 54,695 9,525 433,752
1965 12,893 17,883 57,836 256,769 43,573 5,656 394,610
1970 15,069 16,416 43,783 281,574 37,097 5,410 399,349
1971 13,069 13,743 32,418 309,489 37,977 4,263 410,959
1972 13,883 14,853 34,451 277,851 39,396 4,892 809 386,135
1973 12,692 15,006 30,196 285,819 33,104 4,575 1,082 382,474
1974 11,076 15,155 28,920 291,789 35,812 4,634 1,595 388,981
1975 12,036 14,044 27,441 279,146 39,707 4,548 1,658 378,580
1976 11,237 15,919 26,210 295,883 40,616 4,797 2,169 396,831
1977 11,415 12,022 24,509 330,615 38,144 3,920 2,524 423,149
1978 12,195 13,667 23,886 305,489 37,549 4,583 3,872 401,241
1979 10,008 13,712 25,453 330,691 38,584 3,969 3,905 426,322
1980 10,977 12,871 20,907 353,949 60,975 4,924 4,756 469,359
1981 10,505 14,436 21,865 376,966 53,981 3,981 6,008 487,742
1982 11,911 12,770 20,478 386,898 58,569 5,099 5,031 500,756
1983 10,695 13,732 28,406 425,385 53,987 4,085 6,014 542,304
1984 9,664 13,839 20,849 492,380 50,192 3,374 5,022 595,320
1985 11,120 11,974 25,106 394,506 65,357 3,372 5,289 516,724
1986 8,838 12,094 16,737 412,272 50,269 3,245 5,306 508,761
1987 8,199 13,316 20,352 377,131 52,713 3,059 4,868 479,638
a Data reported by breed associations.
TABLE 3. Percentage of total registered by breed.(a)
Brown Milking Red &
Year Ayrshire Swiss Guernsey Holstein Jersey Shorthorn White
1900 9.8 7.2 24.0 58.9
1905 10.8(b) 9.9 43.5 35.8
1910 6.1 9.0 54.1 30.7
1915 4.3 1.0 9.3 58.8 26.7
1920 3.4 1.0 10.4 63.7 21.5
1925 3.7 1.7 15.8 53.6 25.3
1930 4.4 2.6 17.8 45.7 29.6
1935 7.8 3.6 24.1 43.0 21.5
1940 5.8 4.0 20.7 52.2 17.3
1945 7.5 6.5 26.7 39.5 19.8
1950 5.7 5.4 22.5 43.7 16.0 6.7
1955 5.7 5.3 20.1 48.7 14.8 5.4
1960 3.9 5.5 14.5 61.3 12.6 2.2
1965 3.3 4.5 14.7 65.1 11.0 1.4
1970 3.8 4.1 11.0 70.5 9.3 1.4
1975 3.2 3.7 7.2 73.7 10.5 1.2 <1.0
1980 2.3 2.7 4.5 75.4 13.0 1.0 1.0
1981 2.2 3.0 4.5 77.3 11.1 <1.0 1.2
1982 2.4 2.6 4.1 77.3 11.7 1.0 1.0
1983 2.0 2.5 5.2 78.4 10.0 <1.0 1.1
1984 1.6 2.3 3.5 82.7 8.4 <1.0 <1.0
1985 2.2 2.3 4.9 76.3 12.6 <1.0 1.0
1986 1.7 2.4 3.3 81.0 9.9 <1.0 1.0
1987 1.7 2.8 4.2 78.6 11.0 <1.0 1.0
a Calculated from data reported by breed associations.
b Estimated.
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TABLE 4. Ratio of females to males registered.(a)
Brown
Year Ayrshire Swiss Guernsey Holstein Jersey Average(b)
1900 2.9 1.5 2.5 3.0 2.7
1910 1.6 1.6 2.4 1.8
1920 3.4 1.4 1.6 2.2 2.8 2.3
1930 4.0 1.5 2.2 2.6 2.7 2.6
1940 4.9 2.3 3.1 4.6 3.6 3.9
1950 6.1 2.9 4.9 4.0 5.0 4.4
1960 11.3 7.9 13.4 10.1 12.4 10.6
1970 14.6 6.4 20.6 12.9 17.1 13.3
1980 17.5 9.4 24.8 11.2 26.5 13.7
1985 33.6 12.7 27.5(c) 11.9 33.3 15.7
1987 26.2 13.7 29.0 12.1 26.5 14.5
a From data reported by breed associations. (Milking Shorthorn
and Red and White data by sex not available.)
b Weighted average.
c Estimated.
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TABLE 5. Participation in grading-up programs of dairy breed associations a
Brown Milking
Year Ayrshire Swiss(b) Guernsey(c) Jersey(d) Shorthorn(e) Total
1970 23 1,401 176 115 1,715
1971 105 991 138 83 1,317
1972 63 2,005 76 75 2,219
1973 72 2,267 122 51 2,512
1974 75 2,125 80 132 2,412
1975 68 1,687 49 2,047 96 3,947
1976 117 2,997 134 6,219 173 9,640
1977 287 2,386 170 3,421 145 6,409
1978 121 2,425 196 5,532 202 8,476
1979 173 2,616 651 4,403 274 8,117
1980 541 2,891 1,076 11,529 327 16,364
1981 245 2,727 1,364 12,046 254 16,636
1982 310 2,215 2,251 13,610 316 18,702
1983 523 2,063 3,800 9,136 491 16,013
1984 489 2,473 1,627 6,329 378 11,296
1985 126 2,054 1,796 10,819 137 14,932
1986 137 1,931 693 6,392 233 9,386
1987 147 2,077 1,902 6,562 251 10,939
a Data reported by breed associations. Red and White has provision for grading
up but not reported as such. Holstein has no grading-up program.
b Brown Swiss Identity Enrollment Program.
c Guernsey Provisional Registration replaced by Genetic Recovery program on 4/1/82.
d Jersey Genetic Recovery program.
e Milking Shorthorn Grade-Up program started in 1945 but totals not recorded
until 1970. Experimental or Birth Record program started in 1975 and is
included in these totals.
TABLE 6. Identification programs.
Year VIP(a) HIG(b)
1976 1,109
1977 42,207
1978 43,376
1979 12,213 29,727
1980 12,813 31,603
1981 16,675 35,766
1982 18,015 38,681
1983 15,035 38,466
1984 13,398 38,214
1985 12,075 31,410
1986 11,326 29,129
1987 13,321 28,333
a Verified Identification Program of
National DHIA. Data reported by
National DHIA.
b Holstein Identified Grade Program.
Data reported by the Holstein
Association.
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TABLE 7. Embryo transfer (ET) registrations by dairy breed associations(a)
Brown Milking
Year Ayrshire Swiss Holstein Jersey Shorthorn Total
1965 1(b) 1
1975 18 15
1976 141 132
1977 16(c) 301 1 278
1978 11(c) 671 625
1979 123(c) 1,525 1,602
1980 134(c) 3,642 4 1 3,689
1981 133(c) 5,901 71 11 5,922
1982 143(c) 8,358 114 11 7,855
1983 43 10,387 178 10,608
1984 83 12,951 199 13,233
1985 299 14,568 164 15,031
1986 345 14,790 230 15,365
1987 31(d) 376(d) 9,648(d) 311(d) 10,366(d)
a Data reported by breed associations. None reported for the Red and White and
Guernsey Associations. ET data have not been recorded for Milking Shorthorns
since 1982.
b Experimental heifer-University of Kentucky.
c Data includes the number of embryos transplanted and not the number of ET's
actually registered.
d Figures will change as additional animals are registered.
Physical Type Classification Data
The physical type traits of dairy cattle have played an important
role in the breeding program of many dairy producers. As shown in
Table 8, the type classification programs began in the early 1930's
and have gained greatly in popularity over the years. All breeds
have shown either a stable or increased participation in numbers
during the past 10 years. With the increased use of artificial
insemination and the increasing interest of dairy producers in the
physical type trait data of bulls' daughters, there has been a
steady increase in the type classification of grade Holsteins. The
number of registered Holsteins classified since 1984 also includes
the females enrolled in the Holstein identified grade program that
were evaluated for type.
Official Breed Testing Programs
All breeds, except the Red and Whites, offer a breed promoted
program for cows on official test (Table 9). During the earlier
years, there were various types of programs that preceded the Dairy
Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) program that is the current breed
test program. In the early 1970's, the Brown Swiss Association
offered a combined type classification and DHIR program that
influenced the growth in the number of animals on official DHIR
test during this period. The Jersey breed also has offered a
similar program that has shown a strong growth in numbers during
the 1980's. Increased animals on DHIR test were also recorded
during the 1980's for the Holstein breed, whereas the number of
animals have remained relatively stable during the past few years
for the Ayrshire, Guernsey and Milking Shorthorn breeds.
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TABLE 8. Type Classification of Inspection of Cows by Dairy Breed
Associations(a)
Brown Holstein Milking Red &
Year Ayrshire Swiss Guernsey Registered Grade Jersey Shorthorn White Total
1930 1,046 1,046
1932 58 58
1934 66 66
1936 676 676
1938 524 1,781 2,305
1940 1,403 1,885 3,288
1942 2,259 9,004 4,566 15,829
1944 1,826 1,625 10,753 11,074 15,278
1946 3,529 1,103 14,306 10,500 29,438
1948 2,919 1,333 7,386 12,632 19,474 43,744
1950 1,574 1,350 6,025 16,275 15,273 40,497
1952 3,662 2,753 8,588 16,963 15,487 47,453
1954 3,226 1,200 7,533 23,024 33,408 68,391
1956 2,501 2,096 9,908 30,208 29,096 73,809
1958 4,026 2,441 11,226 44,899 38,645 101,237
1960 3,894 1,678 16,139 55,906 52,388 130,005
1962 2,162 4,222 15,797 64,986 36,821 1,200 125,188
1964 1,812 3,936 12,763 74,123 21,012 1,348 114,994
1966 1,645 2,442 12,849 81,535 18,612 1,769 118,852
1968 2,102 2,628 15,887 83,534 16,895 607 126,653
1970 2,423 4,172 16,441 99,361 10,974 884 134,255
1972 1,740 7,381 11,235 113,461 14,743 400 168,960
1974 2,371 7,679 15,217 175,409 13,440 1,125 410 215,651
1976 4,367 6,073 13,373 269,573 5,000 21,275 1,483 646 321,790
1978 5,506 7,279 12,667 321,315 25,271 24,583 1,459 1,176 399,256
1980 6,629 8,894 13,811 413,023 26,736 23,430 1,228 499 494,250
1981 5,408 8,676 12,928 429,657 31,680 26,263 1,711 1,982 518,305
1982 5,630 13,384 15,698 466,600 37,490 35,858 1,921 1,030 577,611
1983 2,413 11,673 7,550 406,991 30,805 35,807 669 721 496,629
1984 6,303 11,164 15,916 433,313(b) 34,945 40,567 1,719 1,135 545,062
1985 4,978 10,026 15,650 388,419(b) 33,918 39,850 1,210 1,575 495,636
1986 3,298 10,322 12,530 382,085(b) 54,318 34,293 1,626 1,609 500,081
1987 4,843 10,315 11,655 409,655(b) 56,453 42,783 1,762 1,889 539,355
a Data reported by breed associations.
b Total includes registered and identified females.
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TABLE 9. Cows on official breed testing Programs(a)
Brown Milking
Year Ayrshire Swiss Guernsey Holstein Jersey Shorthorn Total
1930 3,818 4,523 4,280 12,621
1932 3,057 4,379 3,843 11,279
1934 3,973 4,871 4,584 13,428
1936 5,918 8,566 6,141 20,625
1938 9,998 10,660 9,322 29,980
1940 2,063 10,267 10,371 9,863 32,564
1942 3,183 9,753 11,691 11,440 36,067
1944 3,566 11,234 13,118 16,026 43,944
1946 5,187 17,095 19,692 21,812 63,786
1948 5,822 20,561 28,596 27,077 82,056
1950 7,190 24,810 36,592 31,319 99,911
1952 8,202 24,957 46,258 31,927 111,344
1954 8,836 38,408 53,580 33,111 133,935
1956 14,617 8,404 37,218 63,332 29,956 153,527
1958 12,269 8,201 40,747 73,336 27,746 162,299
1960 15,577 7,744 41,742 90,056 29,157 184,276
1962 10,319 7,182 42,116 134,338 29,434 2,733 226,122
1964 9,643 7,788 37,953 135,653 25,767 2,613 219,417
1966 8,332 8,112 33,589 138,667 28,206 2,540 219,446
1968 8,087 8,045 29,260 132,373 26,907 2,519 207,191
1970 8,198 7,424 26,676 125,446 26,560 2,113 196,417
1972 7,300 8,740 23,681 115,906 27,188 1,553 184,368
1974 6,896 11,638 21,168 115,348 25,038 1,701 181,789
1976 7,800 12,856 18,194 126,344 27,379 2,410 194,983
1978 7,680 14,401 20,537 141,709 33,525 2,191 220,043
1980 8,228 14,634 21,972 167,724 39,587 2,019 254,164
1981 7,995 15,744 20,945 187,155 44,788 2,086 278,713
1982 7,390 17,180 18,475 223,992 44,565 2,241 313,843
1983 7,685 17,515 15,728 265,503 47,031 3,030 356,492
1984 6,412 16,822 14,768 284,150 46,655 2,291 371,098
1985 6,733 15,658 16,867 285,458 48,260 1,335 374,311
1986 5,198 15,053 16,853 294,424 47,753 2,297 381,578
1987 5,086 14,810 15,405 285,000 50,391 1,914 372,606
a Data reported by breed associations. None reported for Red and
Whites.
National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Program (NCDHIP)
Participation
In Table 10, the number of herds and cows are reported for the
official and management testing plans. Cows in both official and
management programs increased yearly until 1984. As reported by
National DHIA, the effect of the Milk Diversion and Herd Buy-out
programs had a negative impact on the number of herds and cows
enrolled in the programs. In 1987, there were approximately 4.5
million cows enrolled in DHI programs.
In Table 11, there are production comparisons for cows on official
testing plans, management testing plans, and all other cows in the
dairy cattle population in the United States. The data are reported
for the past 25 years and show approximately a 6,000-pound increase
in milk production per cow enrolled on official plans and
approximately a 5,000-pound milk increase per cow for herds
enrolled in management plans. When comparing the superiority of
animals enrolled in a DHIA testing plan versus all other cows in
the United States, there is an advantage of 5,275 pounds of milk
and 200 pounds of fat for cows on official test and 3,800 pounds of
milk and 158 pounds of butterfat for cows on management testing
plans. (For more information, see Fact Sheets K-1, K-2, K-3 and
K-6).
Average Predicted Differences
The data in Table 12 were compiled in the January 1988 Genetic
Evaluation of Bulls. The data indicate that there is definitely a
superiority in the genetics of active AI sires versus non-AI bulls.
The first-evaluation AI bulls generally will be young sires coming
through with their first AI proof. The average of the group will be
less than the active AI sires but higher than the non-AI sires. As
seen in Table 12, protein data are now being compiled on most of
the active Al and first evaluation AI sires.
Status of Artificial Insemination
Reported in Table 13 is the amount of dairy semen sold domestically
and semen custom collected and frozen from dairy bulls in the
United States. The AI industry saw rapid growth through the 1950's
and 1960's and was stable during the 1970's. Some small growth was
recorded during the 1980's. As reported by the National Association
of Animal Breeders, 65 to 70 percent of the dairy cow population is
bred using AI with approximately 25% of the dairy heifers being
bred artificially. There has been a decrease during the years in
the number of virgin heifers being bred to beef bulls resulting
from the increased information of"calving ease" data on AI sires.
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TABLE 10. Participation in the National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement
Program(a).
Official Plans Management Plans
Cows Cows Percentage
per per Total(b) in all
Year Herds herd Cows Percentage Herds herd Cows Percentage cows programs
1910 25,000 0.1 18,300,000 0.1
1915 105,256 0.6 19,150,000 0.6
1920 11,948 17.0 203,472 1.0 20,335,000 1.0
1925 18,677 16.4 307,073 1.4 21,417,000 1.4
1930 27,888 18.2 507,549 2.4 21,618,000 2.4
1935 15,573 23.4 364,218 1.5 25,198,000 1.5
1940 27,948 24.2 676,141 2.9 23,273,000 2.9
1945 21,254 27.2 577,200 2.3 25,597,000 2.3
1950 40,100 27.2 1,088,872 4.9 22,024,000 4.9
1955 41,240 32.3 1,333,866 6.2 21,581,000 6.2
1960 41,293 42.3 1,746,752 9.8 24,274 25.4 615,899 3.4 17,901,000 13.6
1965 40,075 52.1 2,087,581 13.3 26,604 30.8 818,406 5.2 15,677,000 18.9
1970 34,308 61.9 2,122,011 17.2 23,281 36.1 839,343 6.8 12,307,000 25.3
1971 33,996 65.3 2,218,402 18.6 22,581 37.1 836,751 7.0 11,909,000 26.8
1972 33,197 67.6 2,244,685 19.1 21,345 37.7 805,555 6.8 11,776,000 27.2
1973 33,578 70.3 2,359,611 20.3 20,895 38.6 806,270 6.9 11,622,000 28.7
1974 33,146 72.9 2,416,669 21.4 19,738 39.7 783,195 6.9 11,297,000 30.2
1975 32,222 75.5 2,432,961 21.7 18,112 41.4 749,807 6.7 11,220,000 31.0
1976 32,232 75.7 2,438,365 22.0 19,999 47.2 943,451 8.5 11,087,000 31.4
1977 33,755 76.5 2,581,164 23.4 21,000 47.9 1,006,359 9.1 11,035,000 33.5
1978 34,972 77.3 2,704,064 24.7 22,626 51.3 1,159,776 9.7 10,930,000 35.4
1979 36,105 77.3 2,792,175 25.7 22,745 52.8 1,201,500 11.1 10,853,000 36.8
1980 37,576 78.9 2,966,558 26.8 22,943 53.4 1,225,311 11.1 11,074,000 37.9
1981 39,524 80.8 3,197,353 28.7 23,451 54.7 1,282,715 11.5 11,135,000 40.2
1982 40,933 82.6 3,382,977 30.5 24,940 56.4 1,407,203 12.7 11,107,000 43.1
1983 41,029 83.6 3,431,507 30.7 25,173 55.8 1,406,677 12.6 11,175,000 43.3
1984 40,745 84.6 3,446,570 31.0 25,340 56.5 1,432,943 12.9 11,109,000 43.9
1985 39,100 83.4 3,262,174 30.2 24,733 55.3 1,367,969 12.7 10,805,000 42.9
1986 37,661 88.2 3,322,771 29.7 24,545 57.8 1,419,636 12.7 11,177,000 42.4
1987 34,779 89.2 3,102,698 29.4 23,495 59.2 1,390,783 13.2 10,547,000 42.6
a Data provided by Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Service--USDA.
b Data obtained at the beginning of each year. Counts taken at the end of the
year will differ (see Table 1).
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PLEASE NOTE: THE FOLLOWING TABLE IS WIDER THAN THE SCREEN. USE THE
RIGHT ARROW KEY TO VIEW THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE TABLE. TO
PRINT THE ENTIRE TABLE YOU MUST FIRST EXPORT THE TABLE
AND USE A WORD PROCESSOR OUTSIDE THE RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 11. Production comparison for cows on official testing plans, management
testing plans, and all other cows(a)
Management Superiority of
Official plans plans All other cows Official Nonofficial
Year Milk Fat Milk Fat Milk Fat Milk Fat Milk Fat
1962 11,286 434 10,606 396 6,844 255 4,442 179 3,762 141
1963 11,685 447 10,885 404 7,148 263 4,537 184 3,737 141
1964 11,976 457 11,402 423 7,353 270 4,623 187 4,049 153
1965 12,127 462 11,472 425 7,530 276 4,597 186 3,942 149
1966 12,307 468 11,607 432 7,756 292 4,551 176 3,851 140
1967 12,397 471 11,847 441 8,035 292 4,362 179 3,812 149
1968 12,553 476 11,932 444 8,319 311 4,234 165 3,613 133
1969 12,750 483 12,185 453 8,701 315 4,049 168 3,484 138
1970 13,000 489 12,413 460 8,848 320 4,152 169 3,565 140
1971 13,226 496 12,544 466 9,135 332 4,091 164 3,409 134
1972 13,287 499 12,488 468 9,155 332 4,132 167 3,333 136
1973 13,163 493 12,353 463 9,047 328 4,116 165 3,306 135
1974 13,421 505 12,503 475 9,146 332 4,275 173 3,357 143
1975 13,632 511 13,104 497 9,248 336 4,384 175 3,856 161
1976 14,435 539 13,539 509 9,452 342 4,983 197 4,087 167
1977 14,631 542 13,771 516 9,592 341 5,039 201 4,179 175
1978 14,644 542 13,847 522 9,434 344 5,210 198 4,413 178
1979 14,786 547 13,969 527 10,247 369 4,539 178 3,722 158
1980 14,960 553 14,080 529 9,991 359 4,969 194 4,089 170
1981 15,137 558 14,177 530 10,085 358 5,052 200 4,092 172
1982 15,280 564 14,213 534 10,241 364 5,039 200 3,972 170
1983 15,521 572 14,544 546 10,560 380 4,961 192 3,984 166
1984 15,587 577 14,409 548 10,358 371 5,229 206 4,051 177
1985 16,279 600 14,956 563 10,824 391 5,455 209 4,132 172
1986 16,654 612 15,303 577 11,057 397 5,597 215 4,236 180
1987 17,008 625 15,533 581 11,733 423 5,275 202 3,800 158
a Data provided by Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service - USDA.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
PLEASE NOTE: THE FOLLOWING TABLE IS WIDER THAN THE SCREEN. USE THE
RIGHT ARROW KEY TO VIEW THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE TABLE. TO
PRINT THE ENTIRE TABLE YOU MUST FIRST EXPORT THE TABLE
AND USE A WORD PROCESSOR OUTSIDE THE RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 12. Average predicted differences (PD) for bulls evaluated by breed(a)
Milk and Fat Protein
Number PDF Number PDP
of bulls PDM Percentage PDF PD$ of bulls Percentage PDP PD$P
Ayrshire
Active AI 17 +508 -.03 +16 +55 17 -.03 +11 +49
First-evaluation (AI) 3 +21 +.01 +2 +4 3 -.02 -4 -1
Non-AI 114 -28 -.04 -6 -11 48 -.01 -3 -12
All bulls b 185 +43 -.03 -2 -1 117 -.02 +0 +4
Brown Swiss
Active AI 32 +761 +.01 +32 +97 30 -.02 +22 +93
First-evaluation (AI) 10 +397 +.00 +16 +49 7 -.05 +4 +33
Non-AI 114 -91 +.01 -3 -10 37 -.01 -2 -3
All bulls b 221 +108 +.00 +4 +14 493 -.06 -1 +13
Guernsey
Active AI 39 +789 -.04 +31 +97 39 -.06 +20 +91
First evaluation (AI) 20 +528 -.01 +23 +6 19 -.04 +13 +65
Non-AI 176 -35 -.01 -3 -6 45 -.05 -2 +0
All bulls b 319 +144 -.02 +5 +16 185 -.04 +5 30
Holstein
Active AI 487 +971 -.01 +34 +111 462 -.03 +25 +105
First-evaluation (AI) 600 +483 -.02 +13 +50 472 -.03 +9 +44
Non-AI 5603 -205 +.00 -7 -23 1,404 +.00 -5 -14
All bulls b 9498 +18 +.00 +0 +1 4,754 -.02 +3 +20
Jersey
Active AI 46 +872 -.02 +39 +113 46 -.08 +22 +107
First-evaluation (AI) 38 +409 -.03 +16 +50 37 -.07 +6 +42
Non-AI 498 -65 -.01 -4 -11 206 -.05 -6 -8
All bulls b 797 +59 -.01 +1 +5 493 -.06 -1 +13
Milking Shorthorn
Active AI 6 +1259 -.06 +40 +138 6 -.03 +37 +134
First evaluation (AI) 1 +1384 -.11 +37 +141 1 -.05 +39 +135
Non-AI 107 +350 -.01 +11 +38 44 +.02 +17 +54
All bulls b 124 +355 -.01 +12 +43 61 +.01 +18 +59
Bed & White
Active AI 6 +628 +.04 +30 +85 6 +.02 +23 +88
First evaluation (AI) 8 +279 +.01 +11 +35 6 +.00 +7 +29
Non-AI 101 +17 +.03 +5 +10 61 +.00 +1 +16
All bulls b 143 +62 +.03 +7 +15 99 +.00 +3 +21
All Breeds
Active AI 633 +929 -.01 +33 +108 606 -.03 +24 +102
First evaluation (AI) / 680 +476 -.02 +14 +50 545 -.04 +9 +44
Non-AI 6713 -175 +.00 -6 -20 1,845 -.01 -4 -10
All bulls b 11290 +32 +.00 +1 +3 5,846 -.02 +3 +20
a Data provided by Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Service--USDA.
b Includes AI bulls not now active, so does not equal the sum of the other two
figures.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
PLEASE NOTE: THE FOLLOWING TABLE IS WIDER THAN THE SCREEN. USE THE
RIGHT ARROW KEY TO VIEW THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE TABLE. TO
PRINT THE ENTIRE TABLE YOU MUST FIRST EXPORT THE TABLE
AND USE A WORD PROCESSOR OUTSIDE THE RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 13. Status of artificial insemination in the United State-a
Semen sold Semen custom
domestically collected and frozen
Year (Dairy) (Dairy) Total Dairy Units
1971 10,876,840 336,314 11,213,154
1972 11,817,867 421,060 12,238,927
1973 11,338,980 534,972 11,873,952
1974 10,887,456 616,104 11,503,560
1975 9,760,054 613,164 10,373,218
1976 10,753,149 570,241 11,323,390
1977 10,907,322 573,607 11,480,929
1978 11,858,425 587,463 12,445,888
1979 12,467,351 681,563 13,148,914
1980 13,337,420 758,886 14,096,306
1981 13,331,748 979,465 14,311,213
1982 12,767,925 1,240,959 14,008,884
1983 12,857,323 921,709 13,779,032
1984 12,426,650 864,698 13,291,348
1985 12,813,645 641,633 13,455,278
1986 12,269,830 613,162 12,882,992
1987 12,920,686 735,314 13,656,000
a Data reported by National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB).
i
תתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתThe National Dairy Database (1992)תתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתת
תתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתת\NDB\DAIRY\TEXT\DA107000.TXTתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתתת
%f TITLE;STATUS OF UNITED STATES DAIRY CATTLE
%f COLLECTION;DAIRY HERD IMPROVEMENT
%f ORIGIN;Maryland
%f DATE_INCLUDED;June 1992